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Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., et al. (2015) A 2 Year Multidomain Intervention of Diet, Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Vascular Risk Monitoring versus Control to Prevent Cognitive Decline in At-Risk Elderly People (FINGER): A Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 385, 2255-2263.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60461-5

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Linking ADHD Treatment to Lifespan Brain Health: Evaluating Combined Stimulant and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Dementia Risk

  AUTHORS: Muping Yu, William Reuther

  KEYWORDS: ADHD, Brain Health, Childhood, Dementia Risk, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery, Vol.16 No.2, March 27, 2026

  ABSTRACT: This narrative review examines evidence linking Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and long-term brain health, with a focus on how stimulant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) may influence cognitive aging. ADHD involves dysregulated dopamine signaling that impairs reward processing and executive control, contributing to lifelong cognitive and behavioral challenges. Large epidemiological studies indicate that adults with ADHD have a higher incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, even after accounting for psychiatric comorbidities. However, individuals treated with stimulant medications show no such increase in dementia risk, suggesting possible neurologically protective effects. Across randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, combined treatment with stimulant medication and CBT consistently yields greater improvements in attention, organization, and emotional regulation as compared to either approach alone. These findings support the hypothesis that multiple therapies targeting both dopamine signaling and behavioral regulation may not only optimize ADHD treatment but also reduce the likelihood of late-life cognitive decline. Integrating pharmacological and behavioral interventions may therefore represent a sustainable option for promoting cognitive health across the lifespan.