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Heckman, J. J., & Hotz, V. J. (1989). Choosing among Alternative Nonexperimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84, 862-874.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1989.10478848

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Impact of “Jihadist” Attacks on Military Expenditures of Mali and Burkina Faso: A Synthetic Control Method Approach

  AUTHORS: Philippe Eddy Melkichedek Compaore, Changping Lu

  KEYWORDS: Military Expenditures, Jihadism, Burkina Faso, Mali, SCM

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.14 No.3, March 12, 2026

  ABSTRACT: The outbreak of Jihadism in the Sahara desert changed the economic and security landscape of the countries located in this area, and among the economies that have been affected are Mali and Burkina Faso. The upsurge of extreme violence led these countries to rethink their defense strategies in order to face the rising threat of this new form of terrorism. Using the synthetic control method on a panel data set ranging from 1990 to 2022, this paper estimates the nexus between jihadist attacks and the military expenditures in Burkina Faso and Mali. Our findings support that the terrorist activities have increased our variable of interest by 105 percent in Burkina Faso and 145 percent in Mali.