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Danny, M., Kafunda, T., Christian, K. and Stanley, J. (2024) Analysis on Heat and Mass Transfer in Boundary Layer Nonnewtonian Nanofluid Flow past a Vertically Stretching Porous Plate with Chemical Reaction, Variable Magnetic Field and Variable Thermal Conductivity. International Journal of Advanced Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 11, 1-14.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Condition for Analysis of Convergence and Stability of Explicit Forward Time Central Space Scheme for Three-Dimensional Wave Equation

  AUTHORS: Kafunda Tuesday, Muzundu Kelvin, Oreta Timothy, Muzyamba Sidney, Mukonda Danny, Bulaya Collins, Lucheta Chikubula, Emmanuel Malichi, Joseph Mukuka, Christian Kamwengo, Able Mukau, Davies Tembo

  KEYWORDS: Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Condition: Convergence, Stability, Explicit FTCS, Wave Equation

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Vol.14 No.3, March 9, 2026

  ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to examine Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition for the analysis of convergence and stability of explicit forward time central space scheme for a three-dimensional wave equation. The wave equation, which models physical phenomena such as sound and electromagnetic wave propagation, is discretized using finite difference methods in both time and space. A central difference scheme is implemented to approximate the second-order derivatives across spatial and temporal domains. The CFL condition is derived as a criterion to ensure numerical stability and is shown to depend on the wave speed and spatial grid resolution. The explicit update scheme is constructed and analyzed under uniform grid spacing. Through von Neumann stability analysis, the amplification factor is expressed using Fourier modes and Euler’s identity. The characteristic equation for the scheme is derived, and its roots are examined to determine the conditions for numerical stability. The CFL number λ= cΔt h is introduced and bounded to prevent error magnification. The analysis confirms that for stability, the time step must satisfy Δt≤ h c 3 . Convergence is discussed in the context of satisfying both consistency and stability criteria. The initial and boundary conditions necessary for realistic modeling are incorporated. This work validates that adherence to the CFL condition is essential for reliable and accurate simulation of three-dimensional wave propagation using explicit finite difference methods.