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Schimmel, K., Ali, M.K., Tan, S.Y., Teng, J., Do, H.M., Steinberg, G.K., et al. (2021) Arteriovenous Malformations—Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis with Implications for Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article 9037.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169037

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Ultrasound-Based Diagnosis of a Giant Left Iliofemoral Arteriovenous Malformation: A Case Report

  AUTHORS: Siyi Ou, Xiao Liu, Hong Zhang

  KEYWORDS: Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM), Iliac Arteriovenous, Ultrasonic Diagnosis

  JOURNAL NAME: Yangtze Medicine, Vol.10 No.1, March 2, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) is a congenital vascular malformation classified as a high-flow vascular malformation. For AVM, Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is central to both establishing a definitive diagnosis and performing interventional procedures. While ultrasound serves as a valuable noninvasive tool for initial screening and monitoring, it is not typically employed for critical diagnostic or therapeutic decisions. This paper reports a 46-year-old female with a giant left gluteal internal iliac AVM. Conventional ultrasound revealed a 129 mm × 70 mm cystic-solid mass with coarse vascular echoes and arteriovenous fistula-type blood flow. The patient recovered and was discharged after vascular embolization. Literature analysis shows AVM is characterized by high-flow vascular clusters and high-velocity, low-resistance blood flow. Ultrasound can noninvasively clarify lesion structure and blood supply, playing a vital role in differentiating venous malformations, hemangiomas and superficial space-occupying lesions.