TITLE:
Visualization of Existing Rights and Restrictions of 3D Buildings towards an Integrated Land Administration of Indonesian Urban Areas
AUTHORS:
Yanto Budisusanto, Trias Aditya, Diyono
KEYWORDS:
3D Land Administration (3D LA), Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR), 3D Visualization, Spatial Planning, Land Right
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Geographic Information System,
Vol.18 No.1,
February
4,
2026
ABSTRACT: Rapid urbanization in Indonesian cities has intensified the demand for an advanced land administration system capable of managing complex three-dimensional (3D) spatial arrangements above, on, and below the Earth’s surface. However, current land administration practices remain constrained by fragmented datasets across cadastral, spatial planning, and building permit authorities, resulting in limited interoperability and institutional inefficiencies. Concurrent advances in infrastructure engineering further accelerate the utilization of multi-level urban spaces, emphasizing the urgency for a modernized and integrated framework. This study proposes an integrated 3D Land Administration (3D LA) framework that embeds Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRR) within transparent volumetric technic. The framework employs Level of Detail (LOD) 1 to represent legal objects and LOD3 for physical structures, improving the precision and interpretability of 3D spatial representations. Existing spatial plans, building regulations, and land certification constraints are predominantly expressed through textual descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) records, which are insufficient for interpreting vertical overlaps and assessing permit compliance in dense urban environments. By converting legal boundaries into 3D visualizations using LOD1, the proposed framework reduces interpretive ambiguity and strengthens decision support. Case studies from Surabaya and Malang were conducted, in which 2D architectural drawings were transformed into detailed 3D models and enriched with legal constraints derived from detailed spatial plans (RDTR) and property rights documents. The results indicate that conventional 2D systems inadequately represent overlapping land uses, particularly in high-rise and subterranean developments. The proposed volumetric visualization approach enhances the understanding of property boundaries, height restrictions, and legal entitlements, supporting informed decision-making and stakeholder engagement. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of 3D LA to better align legal frameworks with urban spatial realities, contributing to more effective and sustainable urban governance in Indonesia.