TITLE:
Standard Cosmological Model vs. Time Variable Light Speed Model
AUTHORS:
Giuseppe Pipino
KEYWORDS:
Special Relativity, General Relativity, Big Bang, CMB, TVSL, Flatness Problem, Horizon Problem, Black Hole, Klein-Gordon Equation
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.12 No.1,
January
23,
2026
ABSTRACT: The standard cosmological model (ΛCDM = Λ-Cold Dark Matter) is illustrated in its current inflationary version. The main reasons for this model are explained, which are primarily the experimental evidence of the cosmological redshift, the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and the apparent need for so-called dark matter to explain certain observational phenomena such as anomalies in galaxy velocity curves. Numerous problems related to the standard model are illustrated. From this: 1) The horizon problem; 2) The flatness problem; 3) The Hubble tension; 4) The size and chemical composition of primordial galaxies; 5) The failure to detect WIMPS particles that should constitute dark matter; 6) The fact that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating. As an alternative, the TVSL (Time Varying Speed of Light) model is proposed, which assumes that the speed of light in a vacuum is a function of time. The model predicts a minimal variation of c (about 2.2 (cm/s)/year), which is sufficient to explain the cosmological redshift z and the Hubble law, according to which z is proportional to the distance of the galaxies. By attributing the redshift to a variation in the signal coming from galactic sources, we eliminate the need to assume that the universe is expanding. This immediately solves all the problems listed above. The variations of c with time are so modest that Special Relativity, SR, remains substantially correct. SR is therefore used to redefine the physics of Black Holes (BH). This eliminates the singularity and allows the BH to emit matter, as plasma beams. From these plasma beams will arise a new generation of atoms, stars and galaxies. The resulting model of the universe is completely different from that suggested by the Big Bang model. The universe did not originate at a specific point in the past, starting from microscopic dimensions and then expanding exponentially. Rather, it has always existed in its current form. Matter undergoes phase transformations, from plasmatic to atomic and vice versa. The engines of this transformation are supermassive black holes, which absorb energy in the form of atomic material, transform it into plasmatic material, and emit it in the latter form, as relativistic jets. From these jets, new generations of galaxies will be born. The atoms of newborn galaxies emit photons at maximum speed. As they age, the speed of light emitted decreases. This phenomenon causes cosmological redshift, which is therefore related to the age of the galaxy, as well as their distance.