Article citationsMore>>

Orimoloye, I.R., Mazinyo, S.P., Nel, W. and Kalumba, A.M. (2018) Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Land Surface Temperature and Estimated Radiation Using Remote Sensing: Human Health Implications for East London, South Africa. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77, Article No. 77.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7252-6

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Spatial Clustering Patterns of Thermal Extremes over Epochs in Douala, Littoral Region of Cameroon

  AUTHORS: Mbia Ekolok Awuh

  KEYWORDS: Thermal Extremes, Hot Spot, Cold Spot, Analysis, LST Spatial Cluster, Land Cover

  JOURNAL NAME: Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Vol.16 No.1, January 22, 2026

  ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of thermal extremes in Douala, Cameroon, using Landsat-derived land surface temperature from 1994, 2004, 2014, and 2024. The author employed the Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic on 150 sampling points to identify statistically significant hot and cold spots. The findings reveal a transition from a compact heat island in 1994 (23 significant hotspots) to an extensive, polarized thermal landscape characterized by consolidated extreme heat in urbanized zones in 2024 (41 hot spots) and intensified cold spots in vegetated peripheries (17 in 1994 to 28 in 2024). The 99% confidence hot spots decreased from 14 (1994) to 10 (2024), indicating consolidation of extreme heat (32.3˚C - 34.3˚C). The extreme thermal polarization suggests Douala needs targeted policies to balance urban development with thermal comfort, to reduce health disparities, and improve the environmental quality in Douala. To mitigate the extreme polarization in Douala, this study recommends that urban planners should prioritize green spaces in hotspots, preserve peripheral vegetation, and encourage sustainable urban designs.