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Chou, R., Qaseem, A., Snow, V., Casey, D., Cross, T. and Shekelle, P. (2007) Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147, 478-491.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Association between Cigarette Smoking and Lumbar Disc Herniation Using MRI, Correlation with Occupation and Duration of Smoking

  AUTHORS: Elrashed Abdelrahim

  KEYWORDS: Low‑Back Pain, Smoking, Lumbar Disc Herniation, MRI

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.18 No.1, January 22, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Background: Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LDH) is a major contributor to low-back pain. It is unknown how cigarette smoking duration and occupation combine to increase LDH risk in Sudanese males. Objectives: Quantify MRI-confirmed LDH patterns in male smokers and determine if long-term smoking (>10 years) and manual employment independently predict pathology. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 56 male smokers (mean age 46  ±  12 years). Smoking history, occupation, and MRI data were analyzed using χ2 tests. Variables with p  α =  0.05. Results: LDH was found to be independently predicted by smoking for more than 10 years and manual labor (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.4 - 7.1 and AOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1 - 6.5, respectively; both p