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Brennan, A. and Hickey, M. (2019) Physiology of Endometrial Development through the Cycle and Implantation. In: Kovacs, G. and Salamonsen, L., Eds., How to Prepare the Endometrium to Maximize Implantation Rates and IVF Success, Cambridge University Press, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108236263.002

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Breakthrough Bleeding Following Missed Doses of Estradiol Valerate in a Surrogate Undergoing Endometrial Preparation 8 Days Prior to Embryo Transfer: A Case Report

  AUTHORS: Kenneth Chinedu Ekwedigwe, Chinekwu Somtochukwu Ugwuoke, Chinenye Eunice Okonkwo, Kester Eluemunor Nwaefulu, Luciana Chiamaka Anyanwu, Jane Nkemjika Ugwu, Promise Chioma Nsiegbunam, Ifeanyi Paul Ekwedigwe, Martha Chilee Ekwedigwe, Goodluck Munachimso Ekwedigwe

  KEYWORDS: Breakthrough Bleeding, Estradiol Valerate, Surrogate, Endometrial Preparation, Embryo Transfer

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol.16 No.1, January 15, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Background: Endometrial preparation is an important step in the in vitro fertilization procedure. It involves the use of estradiol valerate. Once endometrial preparation has commenced, there should be no bleeding and the endometrial thickness should be between 7 mm and 12 mm for optimal embryo implantation. Case Presentation: A 24-year-old P 1 + 0 petty trader presented to St Elizabeth Hospital and Fertility Centre Limited, Enugu for surrogacy. She subsequently commenced the IVF procedure and during the endometrial preparation, she missed three doses of estradiol valerate. Following this, she started bleeding 8 days before embryo transfer. She was re-evaluated and was given a stat dose of leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg and the dose of estradiol valerate was increased as well. The bleeding stopped. Following embryo transfer, pregnancy was confirmed two weeks later. Pregnancy was uneventful until 11 weeks + 5 days when she had a threatened miscarriage which was managed and she got well. She had antenatal steroids at 30 weeks of gestation and delivered via elective caesarean section at 37 weeks + 2 days of gestation with a good feto-maternal outcome. Conclusion: Breakthrough bleeding before embryo transfer affects endometrial thickness which also affects implantation. A cycle that was complicated by breakthrough bleeding was successfully salvaged with a specific intervention leading to a live child.