TITLE:
Evaluation of Multipath Mechanism Modeling of Reflection, Scattering Diffraction and Fading
AUTHORS:
Badrul Hisham Ahmad, Fakhrullah Idris, Syarvehthini Selvarajoo, Nornikman Hassan
KEYWORDS:
Multipath Mechanism, Reflection, Scattering, Diffraction, Fading
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering,
Vol.13 No.12,
December
29,
2025
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a comprehensive review, modeling, simulation, and evaluation of multipath propagation mechanisms—reflection, scattering, diffraction, and fading—relevant to 5G communication, with a focus on typical Malaysian deployment conditions. Malaysia’s dense urban areas, mid-rise concrete structures, and mixed building materials (reinforced concrete, glass, and metal cladding) create strong reflection and scattering environments, making accurate multipath modeling essential for 3.5 GHz networks. The study integrates established theoretical models with MATLAB simulations to quantify the impact of each mechanism. Reflection and scattering losses are evaluated as functions of incidence and scattering angles, while diffraction loss is analyzed using the knife-edge model, where a Fresnel parameter of 3.74 yields a 24.3 dB loss. A three-ray Rayleigh fading model embedded in an OFDM system is used to assess small-scale fading, revealing severe BER degradation and constellation distortion. The findings demonstrate that multipath significantly affects link reliability under Malaysian propagation conditions and highlight the importance of precise modeling for network planning and optimization.