TITLE:
Evaluation of Periodontal Biotype in Relation to Skeletal Malocclusions
AUTHORS:
Octavio Rodríguez Pulido, Miguel Ángel López Alvarado, Lizandra Carranza Torres, Landy Vianey Limonchi Palacio, Carlos De la Cruz González, Elizabeth Pérez Frías
KEYWORDS:
Periodontal Biotype, Skeletal Class, Periodontal Phenotype, Malocclusion, Periodontal Probe
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,
Vol.13 No.12,
December
24,
2025
ABSTRACT: Introduction: The periodontal biotype influences diagnosis, prognosis, and response to orthodontic and periodontal therapy; its distribution across skeletal classes remains debated [1] [2]. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine whether there is a direct correlation between the periodontal biotype and skeletal malocclusion. As complementary objectives, the study aims to identify the association between each biotype and each skeletal class, as well as to establish the prevalence of biotypes and skeletal classes in men and women, in order to contextualize their distribution within the study population. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study in 69 patients treated in an orthodontic clinic. Periodontal biotype (thin, thick, mixed) was determined by probe transparency on maxillary incisors. Skeletal class (I, II, III) was recorded using current clinical cephalometric criteria. A chi-square test of independence was applied and, to strengthen validity with low expected cell counts, Monte Carlo simulation was used (estimating the p-value and its confidence interval). Results: Biotype distribution: thin 24 (34.8%), thick 26 (37.7%), mixed 19 (27.5%); skeletal class: I 13 (18.8%), II 49 (71.0%), III 7 (10.1%). No significant association was observed between biotype and skeletal class (χ2 = 1.52; df = 4; p = 0.823). Symmetric association measures were near zero and non-significant, and Monte Carlo confidence intervals for the p-value supported independence. Conclusions: In this sample, the periodontal biotype behaved independently of the skeletal pattern. It is recommended to consider the biotype as an autonomous diagnostic factor in orthodontic–periodontal planning and to promote multicenter studies with larger sample sizes and imaging techniques (e.g., CBCT) to refine risk estimation.