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Motzkin, J.C., Basbaum, A.I. and Crowther, A.J. (2024) Neuroanatomy of the Nociceptive System: From Nociceptors to Brain Networks. International Review of Neurobiology, 179, 1-39.

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• TITLE: Receptors Associated with Sexual Dimorphism in Pain Expression in Rodents

  AUTHORS: Andrea Crisóstomo-Jiménez, Amada Paola Alvarez-Bosada, Vinicio Granados-Soto, Maria Jose Escoto-Rosales, Juan Miguel Pizaña-Encarnación, Crystell Guadalupe Guzman-Priego, Jorda Aleiria Albarrán-Melzer

  KEYWORDS: Allodynia, Nociplastic Pain, Rodents, Drug Therapy

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, Vol.13 No.12, December 18, 2025

  ABSTRACT: Pain is the body’s alarm system for potentially harmful stimuli in the environment. The nociceptive process allows us to detect these stimuli through specific neurons called nociceptors. However, pain can become a pathological condition. Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the world’s population. The pathophysiology of chronic pain involves central and peripheral sensitization mechanisms. In this context, sexual dimorphism is a determining factor in the perception and modulation of pain. These differences are mainly explained by hormonal and neuroimmune differences. Consequently, preclinical research provides a fundamental basis for understanding sex-dependent variations in nociception. Animal pain models allow the study of these pathophysiological mechanisms. These models are classified according to the type of pain they reproduce: nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic, or nociplastic. Therefore, scientific evidence supports the need to develop therapeutic strategies with a sex-dependent approach in pain conditions.