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J. Li, R. L. Nation, J. D. Turnidge, R. W. Milne, K. Coulthard and C. R. Rayner, et al., “Colistin: The Re-Emerging Antibiotic for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 6, No. 9, 2006, pp. 589-601. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-1

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Differential Role of Two-Component Regulatory Systems (phoPQ and pmrAB) in Polymyxin B Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  AUTHORS: Daniel Owusu-Anim, Dong H. Kwon

  KEYWORDS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Polymyxin B Resistance; phoPQ; pmrAB

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Microbiology, Vol.2 No.1, March 27, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Polymyxins are often considered as a last resort to treat multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa but polymyxin resistance has been increasingly reported worldwide in clinical isolates. Polymyxin resistance in P. aeruginosa is known to be associated with alterations in either PhoQ or PmrB. In this study, mutant strains of P. aeruginosa carrying amino acid substitution, a single and/or dual inactivation of PhoQ and PmrB were constructed to further understand the roles of PhoQ and PmrB in polymyxin susceptibility. Polymyxin B resistance was caused by both inactivation and/or amino acid substitutions in PhoQ but by only amino acid substitutions of PmrB. Alterations of both PhoQ and PmrB resulted in higher levels of polymyxin B resistance than alteration of either PhoQ or PmrB alone. These results were confirmed by time-killing assays suggesting that high-level polymyxin resistance in P. aeruginosa is caused by alterations of both PhoQ and PmrB.