TITLE:
Black Hole as a Topological Hole in the Fabric of Spacetime
AUTHORS:
Maciej Rybicki
KEYWORDS:
Black Hole, Schwarzschild Metric, Schwarzschild Coordinates, Kruskal-Szekeres Coordinates, Event Horizon, Gravitational Singularity, Coordinate Singularity, Topology of Spacetime
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.16 No.11,
November
28,
2025
ABSTRACT: The current model of a Schwarzschild black hole is analyzed in terms of consistency of its basic properties. The concept of gravitational singularity involves mathematical and physical problems; however, replacing singularity with a hypothetic ultimate state of matter characterized by extreme yet still finite properties, also leads to significant difficulties. Likewise, the concept of event horizon defined as an immaterial sphere (with the singularity at event horizon considered to be an apparent effect due to “improper” Schwarzschild coordinates) proves to lack internal consistency. The mathematical correctness and physical adequacy of the alternative coordinates applied to the Schwarzschild metric in order to eliminate singularity at the event horizon are called into question. The main focus in this respect is put on the Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. As a solution to the revealed problems, a new model of black hole is proposed. It defines black hole as a topological hole in the “fabric of spacetime”. The main feature of this model is the absence of black hole interior and singularity, interpreted as the absence of spacetime beyond the event horizon (Schwarzschild sphere). The whole mass of black hole is thought to be contained in the Schwarzschild sphere—a material shell of the supposed quantum-mechanical properties, constituting topological boundary—the “edge of spacetime”, at which all geodesics terminate. The Schwarzschild metric remains valid in the new model, albeit as limited to the black hole exterior and as associated solely with the Schwarzschild coordinates—the only ones that correctly define the event horizon as a physical singularity.