TITLE:
The Investigation into Correlation between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Gut Microbiota
AUTHORS:
Shuran Liu, Alex Zhu
KEYWORDS:
T2DM, Diabetes, Intestinal Flora, Microbe
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,
Vol.15 No.11,
November
25,
2025
ABSTRACT: This study investigates the complex interactions between gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM, a prevalent metabolic disorder, is closely linked to both insulin resistance and inflammation, conditions that have been increasingly associated with gut microbial composition. Recent evidence suggests that dysbiosis—the imbalance in gut microbial populations—contributes to T2DM progression by altering short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, influencing bile acid metabolism, and increasing systemic inflammation through pathways such as endotoxemia and modulation of immune responses. This review analyzes the critical role of SCFAs, bile acids, and gut-brain axis signaling in metabolic regulation, focusing on their mechanisms of action in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the potential of microbiome-targeted therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and innovative engineered bacterial treatments, is evaluated. While therapeutic interventions targeting gut microbiota demonstrate promise in improving T2DM outcomes, gaps remain in understanding optimal microbial compositions and long-term efficacy. This paper underscores the need for further research into the microbial ecology of T2DM and the development of personalized microbial therapies to mitigate the disorder’s complications.