TITLE:
Estimating the Effective Age of the Universe under Time Dilation: ~45 Gyr
AUTHORS:
Jami Hossain
KEYWORDS:
Cosmology, Relativistic-Time-Dilation, FLRW-Metric, Observer-Centric Time, Effective-Age-of-the-Universe, High-Redshift-Galaxies, Cosmic-Expansion, Time-Elongation
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.11 No.4,
October
24,
2025
ABSTRACT: A new concept, relativistic time dilation adjusted Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU), is introduced and is estimated at ~45 Gyr in comparison to the widely accepted 13.79 Gyr based on the comoving observer framework. Conceptual ambiguities in the treatment of time and distance on cosmic scales, particularly in the application of General Theory of Relativity (GTR) to accelerated expansion, matter density, gravitational effects, and relativistic time dilation are discussed. We categorize the Age of Universe (AoU) into three types, i.e., AoU—Type 1: cosmic time, Type 2: elapsed solar years, and Type 3: effective time corrected for relativistic effects. The EAoU framework reconciles some key observational paradoxes, particularly regarding the existence of high redshift massive galaxies such as MoM-z14. An equation derived from the FLRW equations (Equation 33) provides the EAoU as an observer-centric, relativistically adjusted time scale. Thermodynamic perspective to EAoU is also discussed. The revised view of the universe’s timeline offers a plausible resolution to the rapid formation of massive early galaxies, without invoking exotic physics.