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Smith, E. E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. K., & Loftus, G. R. (2003). Atkinson & Hilgard’s introduction to psychology (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Purpose in Life (Ikigai), a Frontal Lobe Function, Is a Natural

  AUTHORS: Riichiro Ishida

  KEYWORDS: Stress; Anxiety; Happiness; Purpose in Life/Ikigai; Frontal Lobe

  JOURNAL NAME: Psychology, Vol.3 No.3, March 20, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Stress can cause anxiety that creates imbalances in the autonomic nervous system and internal secretions leading to mental and somatic disease. Purpose in life (PIL) and ikigai (two social attitudes) help individuals to integrate psychological events and effectively cope with stress. PIL/ikigai provides an intrinsic motivation and is thought to develop primarily during adolescence. There is a correlation with such positive experiences as spending time in beautiful natural surroundings and exposure to warm human relationships at various developmental stages. PIL/ikigai is a physiological frontal lobe function. Adolescence is a critical period of development for PIL/ikigai and neuronal connections are strengthened by secretion of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and β-endorphin. We propose that there is an important physiologic role of PIL/ikigai and that critical periods of brain development influence development of PIL/ikigai.