TITLE:
The Effect of Real-Time Visual Information on the Effectiveness of an Automation Interface for Remote Supervision of Agricultural Machines
AUTHORS:
Nunoo Ebenezer, Xingliang Zhu, Uduak Edet, Daniel Delmar Mann
KEYWORDS:
Human-Machine Interface (HMI), Autonomous Agricultural Machines, Remote Supervision, Usability Assessment, Situation Awareness
JOURNAL NAME:
Agricultural Sciences,
Vol.16 No.9,
September
12,
2025
ABSTRACT: The increasing use of autonomous agricultural machines (AAM) demands intuitive, effective human–machine interfaces (HMIs) for remote supervision. This study evaluated the usability and situation awareness performance of two interface designs: one that combines graphical indicators with real-time video, and one that uses indicators only. Twenty participants interacted with both interfaces in randomized trials simulating common sprayer malfunctions. Usability was measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS), while situation awareness performance metrics included error detection accuracy and response time. Results showed significantly higher SUS scores for the video-based HMI, indicating better perceived usability. Although response times did not differ significantly, participants achieved greater detection accuracy with the video interface. These findings suggest that integrating real-time video into HMIs enhances comprehension and operator confidence without compromising efficiency. The study emphasizes the significance of visual feedback and user-centred design in creating interfaces that enhance trust, accuracy, and informed decision-making in the supervision of autonomous agricultural equipment.