TITLE:
Resolving the Proton Spin Crisis and Radius Puzzle: A Novel Mushroom-Shaped Proton Model
AUTHORS:
Nader Butto
KEYWORDS:
Proton Internal Structure, Quark Vortex Theory, Mushroom-Shaped Proton, Proton Spin Crisis, Proton Radius Puzzle, Gluon Angular Momentum, Vortex Dynamics, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), Superfluid Vacuum, Proton Mass Puzzle
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.11 No.3,
July
24,
2025
ABSTRACT: The proton, a fundamental building block of atomic nuclei, has long been a subject of intense investigation in particle physics. Comprising two up quarks and one down quark, the proton’s internal structure continues to challenge our understanding of its mass, spin, and charge radius. While traditional models depict the proton as a nearly spherical entity, recent experimental anomalies and theoretical insights suggest a more complex internal geometry. This paper introduces a novel model in which the proton is conceptualized as having a mushroom-like shape, formed by the dynamic arrangement and rotation of its constituent quarks and the spiral motion of gluons. In this model, the two up quarks rotate around a central axis defined by the down quark, forming a three-dimensional, asymmetrical cap structure. The gluons, which mediate the strong force, are reinterpreted as spiral arms emerging from vortex dynamics, simultaneously connecting quarks and contributing orbital angular momentum essential for explaining the proton’s total spin. This configuration not only resolves the longstanding proton spin crisis—by incorporating intrinsic quark spins, quark orbital motion, and gluon angular momentum—but also provides a coherent explanation for the proton radius puzzle by linking charge distribution to rotational geometry. Moreover, the proton’s excess mass relative to the sum of its quark masses is addressed through the energy stored in the rotational fields of the quark-gluon vortices. By integrating vortex mechanics, quantum chromodynamics, and observational data, this model offers a unified and intuitive framework for understanding the proton’s inner workings. It reconciles discrepancies between experimental results and traditional models, and opens new avenues for exploring the geometric and dynamic nature of subatomic matter.