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Todhunter, I. (1886) Spherical Trigonometry: For the Use of Colleges and Schools. Macmillan and Co. Disponível em domínio público, Project Gutenberg e Internet Archive.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Time Definition Using the Extrinsic Universe: Expanding the Big Bang Theory

  AUTHORS: Yuri Nunes Silva

  KEYWORDS: Extrinsic Universe, Time: Origin and Nature, Cosmology: Universe Expansion, Dark Energy, and Dark Matter

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.11 No.1, January 26, 2025

  ABSTRACT: This paper aims to define the concept of time and justify its properties within the universal context, shedding new light on the nature of time. By employing the concept of the extrinsic universe, the paper explains the observable universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional 3-sphere (hypersphere), expanding at the speed of light. This expansion process gives rise to what we perceive as time and its associated aspects, providing a novel interpretation of time as a geometric property emerging from the dynamics of the universe’s expansion. The work offers insights into how this extrinsic perspective can address phenomena such as the universe’s accelerated expansion and dark matter, aligning the model with current observational data.