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ASTM C20-00 (2015) Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 15.01.
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• TITLE: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Traditional and Nano Materials Used in Consolidation of Sandstone Used in Ramesses III Temple, Karnak, Egypt

  AUTHORS: Essam H. Mohamed, Zeinab Mahmoud Ahmed, Mahmoud L. Abd El-Latif

  KEYWORDS: Ramesses III Temple, Deteriorated Sandstone, Consolidation Treatments, Nano Material, Physical and Mechanical Properties

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol.13 No.1, January 23, 2025

  ABSTRACT: This experimental study assesses the effectiveness of traditional and nano-materials in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of deteriorated sandstone from Ramesses III Temple, Karnak, Luxor, Egypt. Treatments included Nano Estel (5%), Paraloid B-72 (3%), Paraloid B-72/Nano Estel (3%/5%), and ethyl silicates. Treated samples underwent Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and physical/mechanical testing. Results show that Paraloid B-72/Nano Estel (3%/5%) yielded optimal consolidation, significantly improving sandstone’s physical and mechanical properties.