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Hamill, N., Yeo, L., Romero, R., Hassan, S.S., Myers, S.A., Mittal, P., Kusanovic, J.P., Balasubramaniam, M., Chaiworapongsa, T., Vaisbuch, E., Espinoza, J., Gotsch, F., Goncalves, L.F. and Lee, W. (2011) Fetal cardiac ventricular volume, cardiac out-put, and ejection fraction determined with 4-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation and virtual organ computer-aided analysis. AJOG Article in press. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.028

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Comparison of the reproducibility of 2D doppler and 3D STIC in the measurement of fetal cardiac output

  AUTHORS: Rajeswari Parasuraman, Clive Osmond, David T. Howe

  KEYWORDS: Cardiac Output; Fetal; STIC; 2D Doppler; Ultrasound

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol.1 No.4, November 21, 2011

  ABSTRACT: Objectives: Two methods have been described to assess fetal cardiac output (CO). It has usually been calculated by using 2D ultrasound to measure the diameter of outflow valves and Doppler ultrasound to measure flow velocity through the valves. Recently CO has been assessed using 3D spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) to measure stroke volume. We aimed to compare the reproducibility of these techniques. Methods: In 27 women with singleton pregnancies, examinations were performed in three gestational age groups: 13 - 15, 19 - 21 and >30 weeks of gestation. Each mother was scanned once. Using 2D pulsed wave Doppler the duration of flow and average flow velocity in systole were measured through aortic and pulmonary valves. We averaged values from three consecutive Doppler complexes. The outlet valve diameters were measured and the cardiac output was calculated for each valve. The measurements were repeated to assess reproducibility. In the same women, we acquired STIC volumes of the fetal heart. The volume measurements were made using the 3D Slice method by one observer. Using 2 mm slices the circumference of the ventricles was traced at the end of systole and diastole to calculate ventricular volume before and after contractions to calculate stroke volume and hence cardiac output. The measurements were repeated to assess reproducibility. Results: The root mean square difference of log (CO) of repeat measurements ranged between 0.12 and 0.21 using Doppler compared to 0.7 to 1.47 using STIC. The differences in reproducibility reached statistical significance for both sides of the heart at all but one gestation. Conclusions: We found that Doppler assessment of fetal cardiac output was more reproducible than measurement using STIC.