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Liu, S.M., Sutherland, A.P.R., Zhang, Z., Rainbow, D.B., Quintana, F.J., Paterson, A.M., et al. (2012) Overexpression of the CTLA-4 Isoform Lacking Exons 2 and 3 Causes Autoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology, 188, 155-162. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1102042

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Research Progress of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  AUTHORS: Shutian Xu, Yunfei Zhu, Fuyu Li, Xijia Zhao, Chenghe Zeng, Jianfang Sun, Yijia Xu

  KEYWORDS: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, Drug Resistance

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, Vol.12 No.10, October 30, 2024

  ABSTRACT: Hepatocellular carcinoma cells are relatively prone to metastasis and have a high degree of heterogeneity, making a successful cure rather difficult. In recent years, an increasing number of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for listing. Due to their strong targeting and relatively low toxic and side effects, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has become more widespread. Currently, the research on immune checkpoint inhibitors mainly concentrates on PD-1/PDL1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, and TIGIT. Although they have certain advantages, the occurrence of drug resistance has also been frequently observed in clinical practice, presenting certain limitations. This study examined the structural features of key immune checkpoints, and explored the clinical implementation of their inhibitors and drug resistance mechanisms, aiming to offer insights for improved use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical settings.