TITLE:
The Hawking Hubble Temperature as the Minimum Temperature, the Planck Temperature as the Maximum Temperature, and the CMB Temperature as Their Geometric Mean Temperature
AUTHORS:
Espen Gaarder Haug, Eugene Terry Tatum
KEYWORDS:
Hawking Temperature, Planck Temperature, CMB Temperature, Geometric Mean, Compton Wavelength, Hubble Sphere, Cosmological Models
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,
Vol.12 No.10,
October
15,
2024
ABSTRACT: Using a rigorous mathematical approach, we demonstrate how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature could simply be a form of geometric mean temperature between the minimum time-dependent Hawking Hubble temperature and the maximum Planck temperature of the expanding universe over the course of cosmic time. This mathematical discovery suggests a re-consideration of
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cosmological models, including black hole cosmological models, even if it possibly could also be consistent with the Λ-CDM model. Most importantly, this paper contributes to the growing literature in the past year asserting a tightly constrained mathematical relationship between the CMB temperature, the Hubble constant, and other global parameters of the Hubble sphere. Our approach suggests a solid theoretical framework for predicting and understanding the CMB temperature rather than solely observing it.1