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H. L. Karlsson, J. Gustafsson, P. Cronholm and L. Moller, “Size-Dependent Toxicity of Metal Oxide Particles—A Comparison between Nano- and Micrometer Size,” Toxicology Letters, Vol. 188, No. 2, 2009, pp. 112-118. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.03.014

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Particle Characteristics and Metal Release From Natural Rutile (TiO2) and Zircon Particles in Synthetic Body Fluids

  AUTHORS: Yolanda Hedberg, Jonas Hedberg, Inger Odnevall Wallinder

  KEYWORDS: Rutile; Zircon; Metal ion release; Particles; Surface analysis

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, Vol.3 No.1, December 31, 2011

  ABSTRACT: Titanium oxide (rutile, TiO2) and zircon (ZrSiO4), known insoluble ceramic materials, are commonly used for coatings of implant materials. We investigate the release of zirconium, titanium, aluminum, iron, and silicon from different micron-sized powders of 6 powders of natural rutile (TiO2) and zircon (ZrSiO4) from a surface perspective. The investigation includes five different synthetic body fluids and two time periods of exposure, 2 and 24 hours. The solution chemicals rather than pH are important for the release of zirconium. When exceeding a critical amount of aluminum and silicon in the surface oxide, the particles seem to be protected from selective pH-specific release at neutral or weakly alkaline pH. The importance of bulk and surface composition and individual changes between different kinds of the same material is elucidated. Changes in material properties and metal release characteristics with particle size are presented for zircon.