TITLE:
Reversible Semi-Fragile Watermarking Technique for Integrity Control of Relational Database
AUTHORS:
Ali Hamadou, Abdoul Aziz Issaka Hassane, Lanciné Camara, Harouna Naroua
KEYWORDS:
Semi-Fragile Watermarking, Integrity Control, Reversibility, Prediction-Error Expansion
JOURNAL NAME:
Engineering,
Vol.16 No.9,
September
29,
2024
ABSTRACT: Reversible watermarking schemes for relational database are usually classified into two groups: robust schemes and fragile schemes. The main limitation of existing reversible fragile methods is that they cannot differentiate between legal and malicious modifications. In this paper, we introduce a novel lossless semi-fragile scheme based on prediction-error expansion for content protection of relational database. In the proposed method, all attributes in a database relation are first classified according to their sensitivity to legitimate updates. Then, the watermark is embedded by expanding the prediction error of the two least significant digits of securely selected attributes. At watermark extraction, the proposed method has the ability to fully restore the original data while detecting and localizing tampering. The applicability of our method is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.