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Quiroga, R. Q., Mukamel, R., Isham, E. A., Malach, R., & Fried, I. (2008). Human Single-Neuron Responses at the Threshold of Conscious Recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 3599-3604.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707043105

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: On the Validity of Probabilities in Uncertainty Assessment: The Role of Learning

  AUTHORS: Jean-Paul Chavas

  KEYWORDS: Uncertainty, Probability, Kolmogorov Axioms, Countable Additivity, Learning, Shadow Prices, Nonconvexity

  JOURNAL NAME: Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol.14 No.3, June 28, 2024

  ABSTRACT: Probabilities have been accepted as providing a general representation of uncertainty. We investigate the validity of probability assessments using a state-contingent model under uncertainty, with a focus on the role of learning. We use the model to define shadow prices of state-contingent goods under general conditions. Interpreting probabilities as normalized shadow prices of state-contingent goods, we obtain new insights into why and when probability theory fails to provide an adequate representation of uncertainty. Our analysis focuses on the validity of Kolmogorov’s additivity axiom in probability theory. We identify three sets of factors contributing to non-additive probabilities: 1) uncertainty-loving behavior, 2) active learning under costly information, and 3) the presence of an infinite number of states.