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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of USA (CDC) (2021) Hookahs.
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/hookahs/index.htm#:~:text=Even%20after%20it%20has%20passed,levels%20of%20these%20toxic%20agents.&text=Hookah%20tobacco%20and%20smoke%20contain,%2C%20blad-der%2C%20and%20oral%20cancers.&text=Tobacco%20juices%20from%20hookahs%20irritate,risk%20of%20developing%20oral%20cancers

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Does Smoking Weaken the Immune System: A Narrative Review

  AUTHORS: Anas Malik Radif Alubaidi

  KEYWORDS: Smoking, Immunity, Immune System, Immunocompromised, E-Cigarettes, Hookahs

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.16 No.6, June 20, 2024

  ABSTRACT: Smoking has a complex impact on the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. It can exacerbate pathogenic immune responses and attenuate defensive immunity, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and certain diseases. The chemicals in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, can alter immune cell functions and inflammatory responses. Smoking can also have long-term effects on the immune system, with some changes persisting even after quitting [1]. According to a Penn Medicine Physician, the Medical Oncologist Dr. David Porter, “People who are smokers tend to get sicker from infections”, “It may be that smoking impacts the immune system’s ability to respond appropriately”. Thus, such individuals within smoking exposure history might be considered as immunocompromised due to the altered and weakened immune system. Cigarette smoking is a prevalent habit with far-reaching health implications. Among its many adverse effects, smoking significantly alters the immune system’s functionality [1].