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McKenzie, M.D., Dudek, N.L., Mariana, L., Chong, M.M., Trapani, J.A., Kay, T.W. and Thomas, H.E. (2006) Perforin and Fas induced by IFNγ and TNFα mediate beta cell death by OT-I CTL. International Immunology, 18, 837-846. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxl020

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• TITLE: Soluble urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and natural phosphorylcholine IgM antibodies in patients at clinical onset of diabetes mellitus

  AUTHORS: Magnus Hillman, Mona Landin-Olsson

  KEYWORDS: Diabetes Mellitus; Low-Grade Inflammation

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, Vol.1 No.4, November 8, 2011

  ABSTRACT: We have studied the presence of novel inflammatory markers as soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and natural IgM antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine (αPC-IgM) in Swedish diabetic patients (n = 164) and in healthy control subjects (n = 41). SuPAR is expressed by several types of immune cells and has been shown to be a marker of disease severity and predict mortality during infections. It has also been associated with low-grade inflammation. High levels of αPC-IgM have been shown to negatively associate with the risk of cardiovascular disease and vascular inflammation. This has been suggested to be more common among diabetic patients than in the background population. The patients were 15-34 years of age and were included in the diabetes incidence study in Sweden (DISS). They were all clinically diagnosed to have either T1D (n = 82) or T2D (n = 82). All subjects were matched in gender and age. Commercially available ELISA was used to detect suPAR and αPC-IgM. We found that suPAR levels were higher in diabetic patients (n = 164, Q2 = 4.5 mg/L) compared to in healthy control subjects (n = 41, Q2 = 2.7 mg/L; p 2 = 4.9) compared to in patients classified with T1D (n = 82; p=0.0002). The difference between T2D and T1D was even more obvious when LADA (n = 17) was extracted from the T2D group. SuPAR levels did also correlate with BMI (rs = 0.50; p s = 0.23; p s = 0.58; p