TITLE:
Simplified Quarks-Based Theoretical Explanation of Fusion
AUTHORS:
Luis F. Copertari
KEYWORDS:
Atoms, Quarks, Fusion
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Access Library Journal,
Vol.11 No.4,
April
30,
2024
ABSTRACT: What is the universe made of? The universe is made of atoms (and vacuum). The basic atom is the Hydrogen atom with one proton in its nucleus and one electron orbiting the electron cloud. This basic Hydrogen atom is called Protium. Protium atoms were created at the Big Bang explosion. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are assumed in this paper to be made of quarks. Three types of quarks are considered: up quark, strange quark, and down quark. Protons are assumed to be made of one up quark and one strange quark. One electron is assumed to be one down quark. Neutrons are assumed to be made of one up quark and one down quark. Considering the electrical charge of the electron to be e, up quarks have a charge of 1 × e and down quarks have a charge of −1 × e. The corresponding masses are calculated. In stars, fusion processes create all other elements in the Periodic Table: Helium (He), Lithium (Li), and so on. These fusion processes are responsible for the current constitution of the universe and all the different kinds of stable atoms that exist in it. In the fusion process, lighter atoms are merged and the result is the release of strange quarks becoming electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The maximum possible frequency for a strange quark released at the core of a star in a fusion process is calculated as being υs = 3.85 × 1020 Hz, slightly lower that the frequency corresponding to gamma rays.