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Arnold, W.A., Blum, A., Branyan, J., Bruton, T.A., Carignan, C.C., Cortopassi, G., Datta, S., DeWitt, J., Doherty, A.C., Halden, R.U., Harari, H., Hartmann, E.M., Hrubec, T.C., Iyer, S., Kwiatkowski, C.F., LaPier, J., Li, D.S., Li, L., Muñiz Ortiz, J.G., Salamova, A., Schettler, T., Seguin, R.P., Soehl, A., Sutton, R., Xu, L.B. and Zheng, G.M. (2023) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern. Environmental Science & Technology, 57, 7645-7665.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08244

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Effects of Coagulation and Ozonation Pretreatments on Biochemical Treatment of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Wastewater

  AUTHORS: Ibrah Landi Ali, Lu Jun

  KEYWORDS: Ammonia-N, Anoxic and Oxic (A/O) Reactor, Coagulation and Sedimentation, FCC Wastewater, Ozone, Total Nitrogen (TN)

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.15 No.2, February 29, 2024

  ABSTRACT: Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) salty wastewaters, containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), are very difficult to treat by biochemical process. Anoxic/oxic (A/O) biochemical system, based on nitrification and denitrification reactions, was used to assess their possible biodegradation. Because of the negative effects of high salt concentration (3%), heavy metals and toxic organic matter on microorganisms’ activities, some techniques consisting of dilution, coagulation and flocculation, and ozonation pretreatments, were gradually tested to evaluate chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (ammonia-N) and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates. In this process of FCC wastewater, starting with university-domesticated sludge, the ammonia-N and TN removal rates were worst. However, when using domesticated SBR’s sludge and operating with five-fold daily diluted influent (thus reducing salt concentration), the ammonia-N removal reached about 57% while the TN removal rate was less than 37% meaning an amelioration of the nitrification process. However, by reducing the dilution factors, these results were inflected after some days of operation, with ammonia-N removal decreasing and TN barely removed meaning a poor nitrification. Even by reducing heavy metals concentration with coagulation/flocculation process, the results never changed. Thereafter, by using ozonation pre-treatment to degrade the detected organic matter of di-tert-butylphenol and certain isoparaffins, COD, ammonia-N and TN removal rates reached 92%, 62% and 61%, respectively. These results showed that the activities of the microorganisms were increased, thus indicating a net denitrification and nitrification reactions improvement.