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Bettoni, D., Falomo, R., Scarpa, R., Nagrello, M., Omizzolo, A., Corradi, R.L.M., Raverte, D. and Vulcani, B. (2019) A New Einstein Cross Gravitational Lens of a Lyman-Break Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 873, L14.
https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0aeb

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Relativistic Supernova Blast Waves Exhibit Properties of Gravitational Lenses and the Hubble Constant

  AUTHORS: Paul Marko

  KEYWORDS: Supernova, Plasma, Gravitational Lens, Einstein Cross, Hubble Constant

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.9 No.4, October 31, 2023

  ABSTRACT: Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, SNes occurring in a rarified environment outside of the ISM generate blast waves which remain in a relativistic free expansion phase for more extended periods. The SN blast wave forms an expanding spherical shell and when multiple blast waves intersect, the overlapping region naturally takes the form of a ring, an arc, or an Einstein Cross structure. The analysis shows the relativistic plasma establishes a medium with permeability which drives the index of refraction greater than 1. As a result, when a shock discontinuity forms in the overlapping region, light is reflected from the host galaxy which exposes the intersecting blast wave regions. The expanding shells are shown to induce an achromatic redshift to the reflected light consistent with those measured for gravitational lenses. Further, it is shown that a Hubble equation for a blast wave around the Milky Way Galaxy can be parameterized to approximate measured redshifts over a wide range of distances.