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Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M.W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Hauck, J., Le Quéré, C., Peters, G.P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R.B., Alin, S.R., Anthoni, P., Bates, N.R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Bopp, L., Chau, T.T.T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L.P., Cronin, M., Currie, K.I., Decharme, B., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Feng, L., Gasser, T., Gilfillan, D., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, O., Harris, I., Houghton, R.A., Hurtt, G.C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Luijkx, I.T., Jain, A.K., Jones, S.D., Kato, E., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J.I., Kortzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Lienert, S., Liu, J., Marland, G., McGuire, P.C., Melton, J.R., Munro, D.R., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nakaoka, S.I., Niwa, Y., Ono, T., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rodenbeck, C., Rosan, T.M., Schwinger, J., Schwingshackl, C., Séférian, R., Sutton, A.J., Sweeney, C., Tanhua, T., Tans, P.P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Vuichard, N., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A., Willis, D., Wiltshire, A.J., Yuan, W., Yue, C., Yue, X., Zaehle, S. and Zeng, J. (2022) Global Carbon Budget 2021. Earth System Science Data, 14, 1917-2005.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: CO2 Air-Water Exchanges during Seasonal and Glacial Cycles

  AUTHORS: Arnaud Muller-Feuga

  KEYWORDS: CO2 Budget, Ocean, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Seasonal Cycles, Glacial Cycles, Agriculture Yields, Food Availability

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, Vol.12 No.4, October 24, 2023

  ABSTRACT: Based on the photosynthesis-respiration reversible reaction and the available statistics, we attempted to quantify the planetary seasonal exchanges of CO2 between air and water from 1970 and compared them to the glacial ACC cycles as reported from ice cores archives. In 2020, the overall continental absorption (AW) was 8.0 giga tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/y). Emissions into the atmosphere (EW) resulting from mineral degradation by respiration and combustion of biomass and fossil hydrocarbons were 14.7 GtC/y, an increase of 2.4% per year since 1970. The continental surplus balance (-AW+EW) of 6.7 GtC/y was shared between the atmosphere, which received 5.1 GtC/y (GATM), and the ocean which absorbed 1.6 GtC/y. This ocean contribution (OC) corresponded to 17% of the 9.2 GtC/y emissions by combustion of fossil hydrocarbons (EFOS). Analysis of the ACC oscillations during 2020 in the northern hemisphere showed that the ocean absorbed 11.1 GtC during the warm season and outgassed 9.5 GtC during the cold season. Assuming proportionality to world population, the ACC, 414 parts per million (ppm) in 2021, would reach 584 ppm in 2080, still growing at a rate of 0.6% per year. The gain of atmospheric CO2 (GATM) and its absorption by the ocean (OC) were expected to peak at 7.0 and 2.2 GtC/y, respectively, in 2080. This increase in the availability of atmospheric CO2 resulted in improved yields of agriculture which more than compensated for the reduction by half of food-producing areas per capita from 1970.