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Cornejo, A.E., López-López, R.A., Ruiz-Picos, J.E., Sedeno-Días, B., Armitage, B., Arefina, C., Nieto, A., Tunon, M., Molinar, T., Abrego, E., Pérez, A.R., Tunon, J., Magué, A., Rodríguez, J., Pineda, J., Cubilla, J. and Quintero, A. (2017) Diagnóstico de la condición ambiental de los afluentes superficiales de Panamá. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ministerio de Ambiente, Panama.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Review and Analysis: Fate of Arsenic Applied to Canal Shipping Lane Vegetation and United States Military Base Grounds in the Panama Canal Zone

  AUTHORS: Kenneth R. Olson

  KEYWORDS: Panama Canal, Arsenic, Hyacinth, Lake Gatun, Shipping Lanes, Cacodylic Acid

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Soil Science, Vol.13 No.10, October 13, 2023

  ABSTRACT: The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 increased the availability of internationally traded goods and transformed ocean-shipping by shortening travel time between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The canal sparked the growth of port authorities and increased ship tonnage on both coasts of Panama. Since the construction of the Panama Canal, in the 1910s, pesticides, herbicides and chemicals, including arsenic, have been essential for controlling wetland vegetation, including hyacinth, which blocked rivers, lakes, and the canal as well as managing mosquitoes. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun (reservoir) either attached to sediment or in solution during the monsoon season. Lake Gatun was the drinking water source for most of the people living in the Panama Canal Zone. The United States military base commanders had the ability to order and use cacodylic acid (arsenic based) from the Naval Depot Supply Federal and Stock Catalog and the later Federal Supply Catalog on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. Cacodylic acid was shipped to Panama Canal Zone ports, including Balboa and Cristobal, and distributed to the military bases by rail or truck. The objective of this study is to determine the fate of arsenic: 1) applied between 1914 and 1935 to Panama Canal shipping lane hyacinth and other wetland vegetation and 2) cacodylic acid (arsenic) sprayed from 1948 to 1999 on the US military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone.