TITLE:
Four-Dimensional Mathematics Creates the Super Universe
AUTHORS:
Ahti Rahikainen
KEYWORDS:
Mathematics of the Four-Dimensional Space, Structure of the Universe, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Expansion of the Universe, Big Bang, Four-Dimensional Sphere, Four-Dimensional Matter, Atom Theory
JOURNAL NAME:
World Journal of Mechanics,
Vol.13 No.7,
July
31,
2023
ABSTRACT: In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift
of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In
this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional
sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of
light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe.
The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a
good model for the Universe. The surface
volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of
four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube
containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough
because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side
cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct
the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the
four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume
of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the
infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae
have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π3R3 in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the
fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π3R4.
The volume of the Universe has been calculated
π3R3 = 62 × 1030 ly3. Time as the fourth
dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been
ignored in this study.