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Steelman, L.S., Stadelman, K.M., Chappell, W.H., Horn, S., Basecke, J., Cervello, M., Nicoletti, F., Libra, M., Stivala, F., Martelli, A.M. and McCubrey, J.A. (2008) Akt as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 12(9), 1139-1165.

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• TITLE: Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin induces phenotypic reversion in three-dimensional cultures of malignant breast epithelial cells

  AUTHORS: Ross Booth, Soonjo Kwon, Eric Monson

  KEYWORDS: Rapamycin; Three-Dimensional Culture; Breast Cancer Reversion; Basement Membrane Extract; mTOR Inhibitors

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Vol.3 No.5, May 27, 2010

  ABSTRACT: Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (m- TOR) is a potential method for cancer treatment. Effects of rapamycin (RAP) on the reversion of malignant breast epithelial cells were investigated on three-dimensional (3D) basement membrane extract (BME) cultures. Through continuous exposure to 20 nM of RAP, cell colony size was significantly reduced in 3D BME cultures of malignant breast epithelial cells, while normal cell colony size appeared unaffected. In unfixed 3D BME cultures of normal and RAP-treated malignant breast epithelial cells, the presence of luminal cell death was confirmed by ethidium bromide and propidium iodide labeling. Increased structural organization was observed by im- munofluorescence staining of F-actin and β-catenin in RAP-treated malignant breast epithelial cells. In monolayer cultures of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells, continuous exposure to 20 nM of RAP increased caspase 3/7 activity and decreased proliferation. Reverse transcriptase polymerase ch- ain reaction (RT-PCR) array analysis indicated a fold increase in the expression of a number of proteins related to polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and cell-matrix adhesion in the presence of RAP. Our data showed that phenotypic reversion of malignancy can be ach- ieved through RAP exposure on 3D BME cultures. This 3D BME culture system will provide correct microenvironments for observing the effects of other mTOR inhibitors on phenotypic reversion of malignant breast epithelial cells.