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Somerville, H.J., Bennett, D., Davenport, J.N., Holt, M.S., Lynes, A., Mahieu, A., Mccourt, B., Parker, J.G., Stephenson, R.R., Watkinson, R.J. and Wilkinson, T.G. (1987) Environmental Effect of Produced Water from North Sea Oil Operations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18, 549-558.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(87)90539-X

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Possible Synergistic Toxicity of Oxygen Scavenger and Defoamer on the Niger Delta Freshwater Tilapia guineensis

  AUTHORS: Ikechukwu Kingsley Anyanwu, Ogbonna Friday Joel, Owunari Abraham Georgewill

  KEYWORDS: Produced Water, Oxygen Scavenger, Defoamer, Tilapia guineensis, Toxicity, Lethal Concentration, Synergetic Effects

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.12 No.11, November 25, 2021

  ABSTRACT: Globally, the generation of produced water keeps increasing due to depleting wells and about 40% of this wastewater is disposed of into the environment. Produced water is made up of several components that are toxic in nature, like production chemicals that are used for oil and gas production activities. Oxygen scavenger and defoamer are commonly used for corrosion prevention as both are applied at different stages of corrosion prevention. Evaluation of the possible synergistic toxicity contribution of oxygen scavenger and defoamer formed the basis of this research and was conducted using the Tilapia guineensis as bio-indicator. The toxicity test was carried out using the ELIMINOX (oxygen scavenger) and EC9017A (defoamer) individually and both chemicals were combined together. The choice of these chemicals was premised on previous researches that have confirmed that they are toxic individually, without further research on how they interact when they are combined. These chemicals and freshwater were used to generate produced water samples in the laboratory. The experiment was set up by adding ten fishes into each of the glass containers, containing the produced water samples at different concentrations and a control sample without the chemicals. The rate of mortality of the fish for the individual chemicals ranged from 100% to 10% for the different percentage concentrations. While on the other hand, a combination of the two chemicals had more survival than mortality, the percentage survival rate ranged from 100% to 90% across all the percentage concentrations. The lethal concentration also showed that the oxygen scavenger was more toxic than the defoamer, however, when they were combined; they showed an antagonistic relationship as the toxicity of the oxygen scavenger drastically reduced. The research findings intend to create awareness of the possible interaction of production chemicals when they are used for oil and gas activities and their combined toxicity contribution to produced water. This will in turn aid government regulators in their decision-making for disposal of produced water.