TITLE:
Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses
AUTHORS:
Saeed Y. Al Ramadan, Kazem T. Al-Mohammed Salem, Ibrahim H. Alshubaith, Ahmed M. Al-Ali, Salah Abohelaika, Mohammed S. Moqbel, Ahmed M. Alluwaimi
KEYWORDS:
Camel, CX3CR1, Heavy Chain Antibody, MERS-CoV, Peyer’s Patches
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine,
Vol.11 No.6,
June
18,
2021
ABSTRACT: The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid
countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune
system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing
a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A
major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary
immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid
tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the
nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most
important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV; brucellosis. New
findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were
addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity
and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention.
Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues
of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and peyer’s patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of
structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and
CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary
mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied
immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in
improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel
immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel
markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.