TITLE:
The Analysis of Convergence for the 3X + 1 Problem and Crandall Conjecture for the aX + 1 Problem
AUTHORS:
Zuojun Hu
KEYWORDS:
3X + 1 Problem, Crandall Conjecture, Energy Method, Expectancy Theory
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Pure Mathematics,
Vol.11 No.5,
May
24,
2021
ABSTRACT: The 3X + 1 problem (Collatz conjecture) has been proposed for many years, however no major breakthrough has been made so far. As we know, the Crandall conjecture is a well-known generalization of the 3X + 1 problem. It is worth noting that, both conjectures are infamous for their simplicity in stating but intractability in solving. In this paper, I aim to provide a clear explanation about the reason why these two problems are difficult to handle and have very different characteristics on convergence of the series via creatively applying the probability theory and global expectancy value E(n) of energy contraction index. The corresponding convergence analysis explicitly shows that a = 3 leads to a difficult problem, while a > 3 leads to a divergent series. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first work to point out the difference between these cases. The corresponding results not only propose a new angle to analyze the 3X + 1 problem, but also shed some light on the future research.