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Usui, Y., Haruna, M., Sakanashi, K., Tanaka, T. and Kitamura, T. (2019) The Psychometric Properties of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale and the Identification of a Cluster of Pathological Maternal-Fetal Boning: A Study in Japanese Non-Clinical Mothers. In T. Kitamura and Y. Ohashi., Eds., Perinatal Bonding Disorders: Causes and Consequences, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 37-58.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Prenatal Attachment Inventory: A Study among Japanese Pregnant Women

  AUTHORS: Kayoko Fujita, Eliko Otsuki

  KEYWORDS: Prenatal Attachment Inventory, Maternal Emotional Ties, Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Nursing, Vol.11 No.4, April 9, 2021

  ABSTRACT: Background: Maternal emotional tie towards a foetus is a predictor of later maternal and child’s mental health. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 539 first trimester women. It included the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The factor structure models derived from exploratory factor analyses were compared by confirmatory factor analyses. Results: A three-factor bifactor model of the PAI was bet fit to the data. The omega coefficients and explained common variance suggested that the influences of three group factors were not negligible. The scores of the three subscales (derived from the three factors) were differently associated with age, gestation week, and adult attachment styles (derived from RQ). They were, however, not correlated with the EPDS scores. Conclusion: The PAI has a model of three groups and one general factor with an excellent fit to the data. The three subscales have construct validity too.