TITLE:
Harmful Algal Blooms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia and Philippines for Korean Fishery Damage
AUTHORS:
Tai-Jin Kim
KEYWORDS:
Harmful Algal Blooms, Volcanic Eruption, Indonesia, Philippines, Korean Fishery Damage
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Vol.11 No.5,
May
29,
2020
ABSTRACT: Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) were analyzed to trace
the outbreak of dinoflagellate Cochlonidium
polykrikoides on the Korean coast from 1993 to 2019 along with
relationship to volcanic eruptions. Parameters associated with blooms and
fishery damage were sunspot number, El Niño/La Niña events, Kuroshio Current,
and volcanic eruptions in the South China Sea including Indonesia and the Philippines.
HAB development was halted in seawater due to the sulfur compounds (H2S,
SO2, sulfates) from volcanic eruptions inducing the deficiency of
the dissolved iron (Fe) in the seawater. Cochlonidium
polykrikoides blooms could be predicted by the minimal sunspot
number during La Niña event or weak volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and the Philippines.
On line monitoring of HAB was suggested using a prototype detector of Cochlonidium polykrikoides at wavelength
of 300 nm with the concentration linearity (R2 = 0.9972) between
1000 and 6000 cells/ml. HABs on the Korean coast were negligible when there
were volcanic eruptions in either Indonesia or Philippines from May to August. Fishery
damage was linearly proportional (R2 = 0.2986) to the maximal
concentration of HAB while 5000 cells/ml was the minimal concentration of HAB
with high linearity (R2 = 0.7629), caused by old cysts of Cochlonidium polykrikoides on the Korean
coast rather than the fresh ones carried by the Kuroshio Current from the
Philippines. Fishery damage was reversely proportional to the number of
sunspots; the maximal number of sunspots induced frequent volcanic eruption in
Indonesia and the Philippines for retardation of HAB with less fishery damage
in Korea while the minimal number of sunspots caused less volcanic eruptions
for thereby enhancing HAB resulting in more fishery damage. It was proposed that
a yellow LED be used at 590 nm as a photochemical expellent as well as H2S
gas bubbling at a 0.5 meter depth on the surface of the fish cage to inactivate
chemically Cochlonidium polykrikoides due to the deficiency of essential iron in the seawater. In addition, the
physical method of blanketing the cage cloth with smaller pore diameter than
that of HAB was used for prevention of Cochlonidium
polykrikoides penetrating into the fish cage.