TITLE:
Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number
AUTHORS:
Tai-Jin Kim
KEYWORDS:
Prediction, Volcanic Eruption, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Forest Fire, Sunspot Number
JOURNAL NAME:
Natural Science,
Vol.12 No.1,
January
14,
2020
ABSTRACT: The earthquake
number was correlated (R2 = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East
Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos
Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the year of El Niño events (R2 = 0.9939)
as well as to the year of earthquake events (R2 = 0.9943) in Ecuador,
Colombia, and Peru from 1977 to 2016. Therefore, there can be El Niño and earthquake
events in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru if there are strong volcanic eruptions either
from aboveground volcanoes or undersea seamounts in the GHS during the maximal sunspot
number’s period.
Global volcanic eruptions were occurred during the maximal temperature departure,
the latter being reversely proportional (R2 = 0.4512) to the sunspot
number from 1980 to 2019. Forest fires occurred in middle latitude countries (South
Korea, California, western Russia, Australia) around 35 degree from Pacific Equator during La Niña events at the time of the minimal sunspot number.
Since there were intense forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California in
2019, more are expected
in 2030 due to the 11 year cyclical variation in the sunspot number. The sequence
of forest fires can be schematically summarized as below. 1) La Niña event in Equator causes the low vapor pressure of water due
to the low sea surface temperature (SST); 2) There is the pumping of freshwater
from the warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator with simultaneous transfer of heat (warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator) and mass
(water enriched Pacific Ocean to water lean Equator); 3) Strong winds from
dry zone pass Mountains to cause the forest fires in the residential land with bushes and trees.
4) According to the Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure gradient between
the high Mountains and the low Ocean, induces the decrease of static velocity gradient
for vigorously upwards flares in the Mountains and the residential land during the
forest fires, which may be why it is difficult to extinguish the forest fires until
burnt up bushes and trees in the Mountains and residential land with serious damages. Most effective
solution to forest fires is to change the events from La Niña to El Niño for reductions of temperature and pressure gradients
by Gay-Lussac’s law. Such a transition may be induced by artificial
submarine volcanic eruptions among volcanoes of Fernandina, Sierra Negra and
Wolf in the GHS for Korea and California. As for Australia, artificial volcanic
eruptions can be caused in huge underwater volcano chain in Tasmania. The
strong damages of forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California were
observed in the period of the minimal sunspot number, as were in October of
2019 to February of 2020. Simultaneous transfers of momentum (velocity), heat
(temperature) and mass (freshwater) were occurred from the dry zone or the hot
Deserts via the Mountains and the residential land with bushes and trees to the
cold Sea or Ocean. It is
expected the lowest SST during the year of the minimal sunspot number to induce
the strong damages of forest fires, as was in South Korea, Australia and
California during the years from 2019 to 2020. CO2 emissions in
Australia showed 34.5% increase, 70% coal power and no nuclear power to induce
bushfires because of increases of ozone hole area and UV radiation for the hot
land in the period of La Niña. Fossil fuel operation should be cut down to
decrease the ozone hole area and UV radiation for weak bushfires in Australia.
A few coming years may still have bushfires in Australia although their damages
may not be as terrible as was in 2020. A simple remedy can be the reduction of
CO2 emissions as low as possible. It was proposed that the
maximal sunspot number induced El Niño event, GHS volcanic eruption and Ecuadorian
earthquakes, while the minimal sunspot number induced La Niña events in Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and intense forest fires in middle latitude countries of South Korea (forest
fires), Australia (bushfires)
and California
(wildfires).