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Sharp, K. and Matschinsky, F. (2015) Translation of Ludwig Boltzmann’s Paper “On the Relationship between the Second Fundamental Theorem of the Mechanical Theory of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium” Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissen Classe. Abt. II, LXXVI 1877, pp 373-435 (Wien. Ber. 1877, 76:373-435). Reprinted in Wiss. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, Reprint 42, p. 164-223, Barth, Leipzig, 1909. Entropy, 17, 1971-2009.
https://doi.org/10.1142/9781848162938_0002

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• TITLE: Calculation of the Universal Gravitational Constant, of the Hubble Constant, and of the Average CMB Temperature

  AUTHORS: Claude Mercier

  KEYWORDS: Gravitational Constant, Hubble, Dirac Large Numbers Hypothesis, CMB/CMBR

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Modern Physics, Vol.10 No.6, May 24, 2019

  ABSTRACT: Dirac made the hypothesis that all large, dimensionless numbers that could be constructed from the important natural units of cosmology and atomic theory were connected [1] [2]. Although Dirac did not succeed in exactly matching all these numbers, he suspected that there was a way to unify all of them. Dirac’s hypothesis leads to the N constant which unifies most of physics’ parameters. It represents the maximum number of photons with a wavelength equal to the universe circumference. Using a new cosmological model, we found the β constant which represents the ratio between the expansion speed of matter in the universe and the speed of light. With these constants, we can now calculate accurately several physics parameters, including the universal gravitational constant G, the Hubble constant H0, and the average temperature T of the cosmological microwave background (CMB). Our equations show that G, H0 and T are not really constant over space and time.