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Markham, R., Frey, S. and Hills, G.J. (1963) A photographic image enhancement technique applied viral structures. Virology, 20, 88. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(63)90143-0

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• TITLE: Evidence for pentagonal symmetry in living and model cellular systems

  AUTHORS: John J. Wille

  KEYWORDS: Cells; Colonies; in Vitro Tissue Culture; Mammalian Tissues; Model Tissues; Pentagonal Symmetry; Rotational Symmetry Analysis

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Science, Vol.3 No.10, October 21, 2011

  ABSTRACT: Microscope observations of normal human ke- ratinocytes (NHK) propagated in a serum-free medium reveal a high frequency (>70%) of pentagonally-shaped colonies over a wide range of colony sizes that persist over many sequential cell generations. NHK colonies derived from sin- gle cell isolates also display pentagonal symme- try as confirmed by a photographic technique known as “Markham Rotation”. The generality of pentagonal cellular morphology was extended to observations in situ of pentagonally-shaped basal layer epidermal cells of normal human epidermis, monolayer cultures of normal and immortalized keratinocytes, several different ch- ick embryo cells, and in previously published photographs. Statistical methods were applied that differentiate planar close-packing of polygonal configurations observed in living cellular system from several examples of non-living cellular aggregates that were produced spontaneously in nature or in the laboratory under defined physico-chemical conditions.