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McGuire, B.E., Morrison, T.G., Hermanns, N., Skovlund, S., Eldrup, E., Gagliardino, J., Kokoszka, A., Matthews, D., Pibernik-Okanovic, M., Rodríguez-Saldana, J., de Wit, M. and Snoek, F.J. (2010) Short-Form Measures of Diabetes-Related Emotional Distress: The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)-5 and PAID-1. Diabetologia, 53, 66-69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1559-5

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Effects of Diabetes Education on Emotional Distress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—An Experimental Study

  AUTHORS: Alida Ramaj, Fatjona Kamberi, Johann Behrens

  KEYWORDS: Emotional Distress, Type 2 Diabetes, Health Education, PAID 5, Experimental Study

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Vol.9 No.2, February 19, 2019

  ABSTRACT: Objective: It was to evaluate the effect of diabetes education on emotional distress in type 2 diabetes patients treated with oral medications. Methods: The experimental study took place in Albania and overall, 200 type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled (in both groups, intervention, and control) treated with oral medications, having levels of Glycated hemoglobin HbA1c > 6.5% as well the absence of associated diseases such as dementia and psychiatric disorders. Patients were randomly selected from the medical registry of family physicians in the Tirana region. Patients were screened for the emotional distress before and after the intervention with the self-administered questionnaire Problem Areas in Diabetes PAID 5. In addition, the levels of HbA1c in % were evaluated before and after intervention in both groups. Only intervention group underwent four diabetes education sessions offered by trained nursing staff while the control group continued the previous regime. The questionnaire reliability analysis was estimated by the Cronbach alpha coefficient. To compare the groups the t-test was used and the value of p Results: Mean age of patients in intervention and control group was respectively 54.03 ±9.57 and 55.82 ± 7.86. Before and after health education PAID 5 scores for the intervention group were respectively 11.3 vs. 8.75 while for the control group 11.9 vs. 11.35, p = 0.018. Levels of HbA1c% before and after education for the intervention group were 7.02 vs. 6.2 while for the control group 6.9 vs. 6.8, p = 0.001. Positive and significant correlation (r = 0.321, p = 0.001) was between level of emotional distress and the age of the patients. Conclusions: The study found that besides better control of diabetes, additional education of diabetic patients seemed to significantly improve the level of emotional distress due to diabetes in diabetic patients.