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EPA, “Purple Urchin, Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus and Sand Dollar, Dendraster Excentricus Larval Development Test Method,” In: G. A. Chapman, D. L. Denton and J. M. Lazorchak, Eds., Short-Term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to West Coast Marine and Estuarine Organisms EPA/600/ R-95-136, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 1995.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Development of the Sea Urchin Arbacia Punctulata in the Presence of the Environmental Toxin Sodium Hypochlorite

  AUTHORS: Meghan O. Rock, Elizabeth C. Davis-Berg, Brittan A. Wilson

  KEYWORDS: Arbacia, Urchin, Hypochlorite, Development, Toxi

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.2 No.8, October 18, 2011

  ABSTRACT: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or bleach, found in effluent from wastewater treatment plants, can act as an environmental toxin. The sea urchin Arbacia punctulata is a common subject of embryological toxicity tests due to its sensitivity to environmental pollutants. Using concentrations of NaOCl that mimic those found in treated wastewater (0.11 ppm, 0.06 ppm, and 0.03 ppm) we observed minimal affects on early larval development, though most larvae took longer to develop at higher NaOCl concentration. There was a significant difference in the percentage of non-normal plutei based on concentration (P = 0.038) and significant interaction between the percent of each morphology and NaOCl concentration (P = 0.0027). The most significant change in non-normal plutei was in the retarded (shortened skeletal rods) malformation which increased in frequency with NaOCl concentration (P = 0.001). There was a significant reduction in skeletal length in both normal and retarded plutei (P