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Maestro, L.M., Marqués, M.I., Camarillo, E., Jaque, D., García Solé, J., Gonzalo, J.A., Jaque, F., del Valle, J.C., Mallamace, F. and Stanley, H.E. (2016) On the Existence of Two States in Liquid Water: Impact on Biological and Nanoscopic Systems. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 13, 667-677.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNT.2016.079670

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Liquid Pre-Freezing Percolation Transition to Equilibrium Crystal-in-Liquid Mesophase

  AUTHORS: Leslie V. Woodcock

  KEYWORDS: Liquid State, Percolation, Phase Transition, Pre-Freezing Mesophase

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Science, Vol.10 No.7, July 23, 2018

  ABSTRACT: Pre-freezing anomalies are explained by a percolation transition that delineates the existence of a pure equilibrium liquid state above the temperature of 1st-order freezing to the stable crystal phase. The precursor to percolation transitions are hetero-phase fluctuations that give rise to molecular clusters of an otherwise unstable state in the stable host phase. In-keeping with the Ostwald’s step rule, clusters of a crystalline state, closest in stability to the liquid, are the predominant structures in pre-freezing hetero-phase fluctuations. Evidence from changes in properties that depend upon density and energy fluctuations suggests embryonic nano-crystallites diverge in size and space at a percolation threshold, whence a colloidal-like equilibrium is stabilized by negative surface tension. Below this transition temperature, both crystal and liquid states percolate the phase volume in an equilibrium state of dispersed coexistence. We obtain a preliminary estimate of the prefreezing percolation line for water determined from higher-order discontinuities in Gibbs energy that derivatives the isothermal rigidity [(dp/dρ)T] and isochoric heat capacity [(dU/dT)v] respectively. The percolation temperature varies only slightly with pressure from 51.5°C at 0.1 MPa to around 60°C at 100 MPa. We conjecture that the predominant dispersed crystal structure is a tetrahedral ice, which is the closest of the higher-density ices (II to XV) to liquid water in configurational energy. Inspection of thermodynamic and transport properties of liquid argon also indicate the existence of a similar prefreezing percolation transition at ambient pressures (0.1 MPa) around 90 K, ~6% above the triple point (84 K). These findings account for many anomalous properties of equilibrium and supercooled liquids generally, and also explain Kauzmann’s “paradox” at a “glass” transition.