Article citationsMore>>

Kanako, T., Yasutoshi, S., Akihiko, I. and Kyosuke, S. (2013) Quantification of Environmental Impact Reduction Effect Resulting from Use of Water-Saving Toilet Bowls. J. Soc. Heat. Air-Cond. Sanit. Eng., 193, 1-8. (In Japanese)

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Vietnam’s Future Water Usage Model: A Controlled Living Experiment

  AUTHORS: Kanako Toyosada, Takayuki Otani, Yasutoshi Shimizu, Hiroshi Takata, Kazuhiko Sakamoto, Saburo Murakawa, Shunsuke Managi

  KEYWORDS: Water-Saving Equipment, Water Usage, Controlled Living Experiment, Vietnamese Household

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol.10 No.2, February 28, 2018

  ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore the water usage profile of future Vietnamese households by carrying out a controlled living experiment with Vietnamese high-income households. By studying showering time, flow rate and toilet-use frequency of these households, the study revealed the water usage believed to be representative of future households in light of continued urbanization. This study also determined that the average time of showering was 9.7 minutes per person per day with an average flow rate of 12 L/minute for the existing shower head and 6.6 L/minute for the water-saving shower head. Toilet usage frequency was 5.25 times per person per day, and there was no difference with the results for an average (middle-income) household.