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Einstein, A. (1920) Ether and the Theory of Relativity (Speech at University of Leiden, May 5, 1920). In: Janssen, M., et al., Eds., Engel, A., Trans., The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, the Swiss Years: Writings, 1918-1921, Vol. 7, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 160-182.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: A New Interpretation on the Non-Newtonian Properties of Particle Mass

  AUTHORS: Donald C. Chang

  KEYWORDS: Mass, Mass-Energy Equivalence, Wave-Particle Duality, Vacuum, Relativity

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Modern Physics, Vol.9 No.2, January 22, 2018

  ABSTRACT: It is well known that the mass of a particle has properties different from Newtonian mechanics. First, it is speed-dependent. Second, it is convertible to energy. These properties were generally thought to be derived from the principle of relativity (PR). We have conducted a careful examination of the historical records and found that the non-Newtonian properties of mass were derived not so much based on PR, but more based on Einstein’s intuitive thinking that radiation and matters behave similarly. This gives us a hint: Since both photon and electron can behave as a particle as well as a wave, can such a wave nature account for the deviations from Newtonian mechanics? Thus, we have developed a wave model to describe the motion of a free particle with or without rest mass. We found that both the speed-dependence of mass and the mass-energy equivalence can indeed be derived based on the wave properties of a particle. This wave hypothesis has several advantages; it can naturally explain why particles can be created in the vacuum and why a particle cannot travel faster than the speed of light.