TITLE:
Neuropathological Changes in Hydrocephalus—A Comprehensive Review
AUTHORS:
Domenico L. Di Curzio
KEYWORDS:
Hydrocephalus, Neuropathology, Brain, Vascular, Hypoxia
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery,
Vol.8 No.1,
December
12,
2017
ABSTRACT: Hydrocephalus is a heterogeneous, neurological
condition characterized by altered flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can
occur at any age. Neuropathological changes associated with hydrocephalus are dependent on
the age of onset, rate of ventricular enlargement, and the etiology.
Hydrocephalic brain damage is also influenced by contributions from both
mechanical forces and metabolic changes, which increases the heterogeneity of
the condition. However, as ventriculomegaly progresses, the surrounding brain
tissue is compressed within the cranial vault, elevating intracranial pressure
and eventually leading to severe brain damage. From this perspective, it makes
sense that periventricular brain regions are the initial sites of damage as
ventricular dilatation occurs. The following review of neuropathological
changes in hydrocephalus will first discuss cellular and region specific damage
from the ventricles and outward towards the cortex and brainstem. This will be
followed by vascular and hypoxic changes associated with the condition. Both
types of brain impairments are dependent on the severity of the condition, and
they will be described accordingly.